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The third man argument (commonly referred to as TMA; ), first offered by Plato in his dialogue ''Parmenides'' (132a–b), is a philosophical criticism of Plato's own theory of Forms. This argument was furthered by Aristotle (''Metaphysics'' 990b17=1079a13, 1039a2; ''Sophistic Refutations'' 178b36 ff.) who used the example of a man (hence the name of the argument) to explain this objection to Plato's theory; he posits that if a man is a man because he partakes in the form of man, then a third form would be required to explain how man and the form of man are both man, and so on, ''ad infinitum''. ==Principles of Plato's theory of Forms== Plato's theory of Forms, as it is presented in such dialogues as the ''Phaedo'', ''Republic'' and the first part of the ''Parmenides'', seems committed to the following principles: "F" stands for any Form ("appearance, property"). Plato, in the ''Parmenides'', uses the example "largeness" for "F-ness"; Aristotle uses the example "man".〔"No proper exposition of Plato’s Third ''Large'' Paradox appears in the surviving texts of Aristotle. There are only scattered references in the text to an argument that Aristotle calls the "Third ''Man''" (''Metaphysics'' 84.23-85.3, 93.1-7, 990b 17=1079a 13, 1039a 2, 1059b 8; ''Sophistic Refutations'' 178b 36), which is commonly considered essentially the same argument", (), retrieved 2008-01-18〕 *One-over-many: For any plurality of F things, there is a form of F-ness by virtue of partaking of which each member of that plurality is F. *Self-predication: Every form of F-ness is itself F. *Non-self-partaking: No form partakes of itself. *Uniqueness: For any property F, there is exactly one form of F-ness. *Purity: No form can have contrary properties. *One/many: The property of being one and the property of being many are contraries. *Oneness: Every form is one. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「third man argument」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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